Forest biomass mapping from lidar and radar synergies

The use of lidar and radar instruments to measure forest structure attributes such as height and biomass at global scales is being considered for a future Earth Observation satellite mission, DESDynI (Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice). Large footprint lidar makes a direct measurement of the heights of scatterers in the illuminated footprint and can yield accurate information about the vertical profile of the canopy within lidar footprint samples. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is known to sense the canopy volume, especially at longer wavelengths and provides image data. Methods for biomass mapping by a combination of lidar sampling and radar mapping need to be developed.In this study, several issues in this respect were investigated using aircraft borne lidar and SAR data in Howland, Maine, USA. The stepwise regression selected the height indices rh50 and rh75 of the Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) data for predicting field measured biomass with a R² of 0.71 and RMSE of 31.33 Mg/ha. The above-ground biomass map generated from this regression model was considered to represent the true biomass of the area and was used as a reference map since no better biomass map exists for the area. Random samples were taken from the biomass map and the correlation between the sampled biomass and co-located SAR signature was studied. The best models were used to extend the biomass from lidar samples into all forested areas in the study area, which mimics a procedure that could be used for the future DESDYnI mission. It was found that depending on the data types used (quad-pol or dual-pol) the SAR data can predict the lidar biomass samples with R² of 0.63-0.71, RMSE of 32.0-28.2 Mg/ha up to biomass levels of 200-250 Mg/ha. The mean biomass of the study area calculated from the biomass maps generated by lidar-SAR synergy was within 10% of the reference biomass map derived from LVIS data. The results from this study are preliminary, but do show the potential of the combined use of lidar samples and radar imagery for forest biomass mapping. Various issues regarding lidar/radar data synergies for biomass mapping are discussed in the paper.     

Inhibitory effect of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) residue on growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Mart Solms.) II. Relative effect of flower,leaf, stem,and root residue

The relative effect of residue of leaf, flower, stem, and root of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on growth of water hyacinth was studied. The inhibitory activity of the residue as shown by its effect on biomass and healthy leaf number (HLN) of treated plants was in the order: leaf and flower >stem >root. Total phenolic acids in the medium after 72 hr of suspending the plant part residue were maximum in flower followed by leaf, root, and stem, successively. The dry leaf powder (DLP) and dry flower powder (DFP) at and above 0.50% (w/v) and dry stem powder (DSP) at 1.00% (w/v) killed water hyacinth in about one month. Dry root powder (DRP) at the highest dose (1.25% w/v) reduced the growth of the treated plants drastically, but the plants recovered after about one month. The DSP at 0.50% (w/v) and DRP at 0.25–0.75% (w/v) supported growth of treated plants, probably due to lower levels of inhibitors, allowing utilization of constituents of the residue as nutrients. Using wheat seedlings as a reference material, it was observed that in aquaculture at different levels of parthenium plant parts residue, water hyacinth plants were much more sensitive to inhibitory activity. Thus, water hyacinth is suggested as a material for bioassay of inhibitory activity of the parthenium plant residue.     

Heating value of biomass and biomass pyrolysis products

Studies conducted on the heating value of various types of biomass components and their pyrolysis products such as char, liquids and gases are presented. Heating values of chars are comparable with those of lignite and coke; heating values of liquids are comparable with those of oxygenated fuels such as methanol and ethanol, which are much lower than those of petroleum fuels. Heating values of gases are comparable with those of producer gas or coal gas and are much lower than that of natural gas. It is also found that the heating values of products are functions of the initial composition of biomass; correlations are developed to express these. Also, correlations are developed which explain the influence of ash elements on heating values of the pyrolysis products and on percentage distribution of energy in the products.     

改性废弃生物质对直接染料的吸附研究

选取花生壳、甘蔗渣和蛋壳膜等废弃物为原料,改性后制得生物质吸附剂,以直接蓝染料废水为处理对象,考察改性前后的吸附效果以及pH、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量等因素对吸附效果的影响,探讨了3种吸附剂的等温吸附和吸附动力学过程.研究表明,改性能够不同程度地提高3种吸附剂的吸附效果,pH和温度对吸附的影响较大,改性花生壳、甘蔗渣以及蛋壳膜在各自投加量条件下对染料废水的脱色率分别达到93.6％、97.4％和99.2％,平衡吸附量可达39,4mg/g、45.5mg/g及113mg/g,等温吸附过程遵从Langmuir方程,吸附动力学符合二级动力学模型.     

分布式能源发展的新机遇

中国为避免能源安全的隐患,兑现低碳减排的承诺,降低煤炭在一次能源中所占的比例,调整能源结构势在必行.这为燃气分布式能源提供了机遇.随着天然气进口量和开采量的增加,替代气源的快速增长,以及生物质发电技术的逐渐成熟,发展分布式能源的物质基础已经齐备.国家对发展分布式能源的推动政策逐年升级,支持力度逐渐加大,以五大发电集团为代表的能源企业也在积极运作.综上所述,各因素将形成合力,推动中国分布式能源的发展进入快车道.     

操作参数对生物质再燃脱硝特性的影响

以稻壳（RH）、木屑（SD）和生物质炭（BC）3种生物质为对象,利用携带流脱硝试验装置,研究了再燃区反应温度（T2）、再燃区化学计量比（SR2）、停留时间（τ）、NO初始浓度（CNO,in）、水蒸气含量、生物质种类及添加剂等对生物质再燃脱硝效果的影响.结果表明：在T2=850℃-1150℃范围内,随着T2升高,再燃脱硝效率呈现逐渐上升的趋势.在SR2=0.5-1.0范围内,生物质再燃脱硝效率随着SR2降低而逐渐上升.在τ=0.5-1.3 s范围内,生物质再燃脱硝效率随着τ增加呈现先上升后趋于稳定的趋势.在CNO,in=300-600μL/L范围内,生物质再燃脱硝效率随着CNO,in增加逐渐增加,但当CNO,in〉400μL/L时,脱硝效率增加不明显.随着烟气中水蒸气含量增加,生物质再燃脱硝效率呈现先增加后降低并逐渐趋于平稳的趋势,模拟烟气中含有4%水蒸气时的脱硝效率最大.不同生物质的再燃脱硝效率显著不同,RH和SD的脱硝效率明显高于BC.添加剂对脱硝效果有一定的促进作用,其中, NaCl促进作用最为显著.添加剂（Fe2O3）浓度（50-150μmol/mol）对生物质再燃脱硝效率的影响不大.     

Phytoplankton biomass and primary production dynamics in Lake Kariba

The present study examined spatial, seasonal and depth variations in phytoplankton biomass and primary production (PP), compared with those reported for other tropical African lakes, to determine whether or not measured phytoplankton changes might be linked to climate warming. The biomass of three major phytoplankton classes (Cyanophyceae; Chlorophyceae; Bacillariophyceae) and net PP were measured during the midwinter and midsummer at six different depths at 35 sampling sites distributed across the lake’s five basins. A more rigorous sampling regime was used in the fifth basin, with phytoplankton biomass and PP rates measured every second month over a 24 month period at six different depths at ten sampling sites located in riverine and lacustrine waters. Cyanophyceae, which displayed a gradient of decreasing biomass from Basins 2 to 5, contributed 69% of the total phytoplankton biomass in the lake’s five basins during summer. This percentage was approximately four times greater than that contributed by the Bacillariophyceae and about ten times greater than that contributed by the Chlorophyceae. During winter, Bacillariophyceae biomass was equivalent to that of the Cyanophyceae, but displayed an opposing gradient of increasing biomass from Basins 1 to 3, with a subsequent biomass decline from Basins 3 to 5. Chlorophyceae exhibited no distinct biomass gradient across the five lake basins, being undetectable during winter. The biomass of all three phytoplankton classes and the net PP varied in magnitude and direction monthly between the lacustrine and riverine waters, with increasing water depth and with no distinct seasonal patterns being evident. The monthly variations in biomass were related to the thermal stratification cycle, hydrological gradients and the extent of water mixing, being similar to those reported for other tropical African lakes. It is noteworthy that total phytoplankton biomass and PP in Lake Kariba have declined by about 95% and 50%, respectively, since the 1980s. These declines correspond to an upward shift in the depth of the thermocline, associated with an average temperature increase of 1.9 °C and a 50% reduction in the depth of the euphotic zone, since the 1960s.     

The Feasibility of Immobilization of Bioflocculant-producing Bacteria Using Mycelial Pellets as Biomass Carriers

Bioflocculant-producing bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens F2 and Bacillus sphaeicus F6 were immobilized onto mycelial pellets to investigate the bioflocculant-producing potential of this combined organism and the corresponding flocculating efficiency. The atomic force microscope (AFM) images of mycelial surface indicate that the mycelia pellet can immobilize bioflocculant-producing bacteria F2 and F6 as a biomass carrier. The flocculating efficiency of bioflocculant produced by this combined organism was studied under the optimum flocculating conditions obtained by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The fermentation yield of the combined mycelial pellet is about 2.6 g/L, which is higher than that of the free bacteria (only 2.2 g/L). Flocculating efficiency of the combined mycelial pellet was comparable with that of bioflocculant generated by the free bacteria. The bioflocculant yield is enhanced and the flocculating efficiency of the co-culture is uninfluenced after immobilized with mycelial pellet as a carrier. In conclusion, the mycelial pellet is feasible as a biomass carrier for the immobilization of bioflocculant-producing bacteria.     

典型生物质热解过程中碱（土）金属转化特性

通过进行鄱阳湖典型水生植物管式炉热解试验,联用便携红外分析仪、煤气分析仪和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,分析了恒温热解焦中碱（土）金属的含量及其在热解过程中转化规律.结果表明：凤眼莲对生活污水中的碱（土）金属有一定的吸附作用;水生植物的恒温热解过程主要为一次反应,CO、CO2和CH4的体积分数达到最大的时间在60s左右,而H2在100 s左右.水生植物热解过程中,Na的析出率最高,其次是K,然后是Ca和Mg;凤眼莲中K主要以无机盐形式存在,在热解反应后期以无机盐分解挥发析出,析出率最高达75％左右.     

农作物秸秆加工生物质型煤的研究

生物质型煤具有煤、生物质单独所不具备的可固硫、不冒烟、高热值、高挥发性的综合特性.本文选用陕西彬长烟煤及当地生物质秸秆为原料,制备出纯生物质型煤并对该型煤进行物理性能检测,结果表明:纯生物质型煤抗压强度、跌落强度较高,但浸水强度和复干强度差;通过加入不同量淀粉及无机固化剂对型煤制备工艺进行改进,得到物理性能较好的生物质型煤,得出型煤中淀粉的最佳用量为10%、MgO最佳用量4.5%、MgCl2最佳用量为3.0%.